Alchemy of Qualitative Management Research †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Alchemy of Qualitative Management Research. Answer: Introduction Today, teen pregnancy remains a global concern due to the public health concern of the issue. Early pregnancy or teenage pregnancy refers to pregnancy among females aged below 20 years. The consequences of early pregnancy extend further from health risks to consequences such as poverty, welfare dependence, domestic violence and academic failure among other consequences as described by (New Mexico Department of Health (NMDOH), 2005). According to Sedgh et al (2014, p. 225), The United States has the highest number of early pregnancies for teenagers aged between 15-19 years with 57 pregnancies per 1000 women. Bishop (2013, p.1) States that teen pregnancy in Australia rated at 16 births per 1000 women in 2010. Various research relating to teen pregnancy have been conducted in different locations. This essay will critically analyse, compare and evaluate individual article on its method of research, data analysis and collection, purpose of the study and find. The essay will also find the weakness, strength, and rigor of the research article. The appraisal will be done on three articles researching on teen pregnancy in East Devon- England, New Mexico-USA, and Melbourne- Australia. The goal of the study was to investigate the experience of teenage mothers and their expectations about their future, a study carried out in East Devon, England. The research used purposive sampling to pick a homogeneous group of women who had a pregnancy at their teenage ages. The research used purposive sampling to gather a sample of the population for the study. Purposive sampling technique is one of the most reliable sampling techniques for qualitative studies needing information-rich cases as well as ensuring maximum use of limited resources (Palinkas et al, 2013, p.2). The sampling technique entails identifying and selecting groups or individuals who have experienced or have adequate knowledge about a certain phenomenon of interest. Bernard (2002) adds that apart from experience and knowledge, the sampling technique identifies individuals who are also willing and available to participate and communicate their opinions and experiences in an expressive, articulative and reflectiv e manner. Seamark and Lings used interviews as the method for the research. Interviews are some of the most reliable qualitative study research methods which employ semi-structured techniques to seek the beliefs, perceptions, attitudes, and opinions of people based on their experience and knowledge (Edwards Holland, 2013, p.53). The researchers have also considered ethical guidelines throughout their research as they sought approval from the local research ethics committee in Exeter. The researchers also asked the interviewees for permission before interviewing them and promised them assurance of confidentiality. There are several flaws in this study. The study was only limited to one city (East Devon) the city is a holiday destination for the rich according to a publishing by Meades (2016). The researchers ignored the rest of the regions in England and based the conclusion of their study from findings from a single city. The choice of the area to collect the sample population questions the rigor of the research. According to Watts et al (2015, P.2), the majority of early motherhood happen in countries which are developing and amongst teenagers who live in socio-economically disadvantaged settings if they live in first wolrd countries. These characteristics do not fit the description of East Devon. The researchers could have done more research in wider geographical areas to cover a larger population in order to make the outcome of the research generalizable. In addition, the outcomes of the study might have lacked significant information as around 47% of the informants declined to be intervie wed. While the study might have done well in some parts like ethical considerations and use of semi-structured interviews, the demonstration of rigor was challenging. The study fails to provide the sufficient data sources across different regions as well as the limited participation of the target population as seen with the high rejection rate of interviewees (Liamputtong, 2013). The aim of the study was to determine the encounters that young African Australian who are refugees in Australia face during their early motherhood (Watts et al, 2015). The study employed interviews to seek the encounters of the young African-Australian refugees drawing upon the use of cultural competence and phenomenology frameworks. The use of Phenomenology was significant for this type of study as the framework is concerned with the elaboration of what is sensed, perceived and known from ones experience (Yksel Y?ld?r?m, 2015, p.2). The use of the phenomenology framework was critical in giving the researchers the ability to discover some aspects about a personal life which cannot be revealed through normal conversations or those which would not otherwise be revealed judging from individual cultural or social circles. The choice of using interviews was good as the methodology allows the respondent to narrate her experiences in a conscience way according to Roberts and Taylor (2002, p.388). The choice of the data collection area for the research was good based on the issue under investigation. As Watts et al (2015, P.2) state, the majority of cases of early motherhood are prevalent nonaligned nations and amongst youths who live in challenging socio-economical disadvantaged environment than if they live in first world nations. The researchers chose to conduct their study in Melbourne. Being one of the most populated cities in Australia the city is home to people from both economic divide (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2016). Melbourne is geographically a huge city with the diverse population. The choice to base the research on the city increases the reliability of the generalizations of the study. The researchers also paid attention to ethical considerations as pseudonyms were used for interviewees to ensure confidentiality. The researchers also sought the recognition of the Victoria University Human Research Ethics Committee. The article several has some flaws as it lacks some strategies which are meant to improve the rigor of the research through ensuring utility and trustworthiness which are implemented after termination of a study. According to Morse et al (2002, p. 17) argue that different strategies for ensuring rigor must be developed with the qualitative process per se. the research does not employ some of the strategies required like methodological coherence, investigator responsiveness, saturation and active analytic stance would have improved the rigor of the research. The goal of the research was to describe and discover behaviours and attitudes pertaining teen pregnancy as well as parenting among teenage Hispanic females emanating from long-term families in New Mexico. The chosen teens were those English was their primary language and had experienced motherhood and pregnancy in the 12 months before participation. The researchers used adopted the ethnography research methodology in sourcing specific information regarding complex interweaved and socially created behaviours. The use of the methodology was essential for the study as using a limited population enables collection of huge information as well as generating sufficient knowledge regarding a certain issue of interest according to Patton (2002). The research employed ethical considerations by securing the approval of institutional review Board from a major South-western University. Before the collection of data, informed consent was made to the teen, guardian or parent. The research analysis was conducted inductively by crystallization and immersion. According to Stewart (2017, P.9), the use of crystallization as a step towards inductive research is a move towards attaining truthfulness and trustworthiness. Truthfulness can be compared to trustworthiness as it strives for authenticity which improves quality within the crystallization process. The researchers employed different comparison methods and developed different evidence which reinforced credibility and trustworthiness as demonstrated by Yin (2011). Though the researchers made a good choice of using the ethnography research methodology, they do not give a justification to use the method since the research methodology is used for studies with limited time hence need to cover a small geographical area. Sanchez et al (2012, p.228) state that the researchers had sufficient time of the study with the over two years were spent in observation alone and one year in the analysis. The triangulation method used by the research according to Sanchez et al (2012, p. 228) was critical in ensuring dependability, credibility, and conformability of the study which ensures prevalence of rigor within the article. Conclusion All the issues relating to the purpose of each study was answered, incorporating studies from different countries like the USA, Australia, and England. The studies had different strengths especially in ethical considerations, provision of theoretical framework, and well-stated objective of the study as well as well-defined research findings. Other strengths entailed the use of different reliable data collection techniques which improved the reliability and rigor of the studies. Amongst the three articles, the Watts, Liamputtong, and McMichael (2015) research can be considered the best qualitative research. The article covered a wide region carefully analysing the target population which was selected from a different ethnicity, social setting and from the different economic background. The study by Seamark and Lings (2004) was well structured though it lacked reliability as the sample size was limited, the area of study was not suitable for conducting that type of study hence it lacke d reliable and valid generalization. Sanchez et al (2012) research was well conducted, used reliable methodologies and data analyses techniques. The adoption of triangulation method in the research improved the rigor of the research. With different flaws and strengths, the three articles provide sufficient information regarding the issue of early motherhood or teen pregnancy. References Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2016). Regional Population Growth, Australia. Melbourne: Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved April 12, 2018, from https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/3218.0 Bishop, D. (2013). Teenage Pregnancy An Adolescent Health Issue in Australia. Nuritinga Issue, 1(1), 1-10. Retrieved April 11, 2018, from https://eprints.utas.edu.au/3875/1/3875.pdf Edwards, R., Holland , A. (2013, July 5). What is qualitative interviewing? . (G. Crow, Ed.) Qualitative Research Methods, 1(2), 1-124. Retrieved April 11, 2018, from https://eprints.ncrm.ac.uk/3276/1/complete_proofs.pdf Meades, S. (2016, June 3). The ten most expensive seaside towns in the UK. Retrieved April 12, 2018, from Express: https://www.express.co.uk/travel/articles/676655/ten-most-expensive-seaside-towns-uk Morse, J., Barrett, M., Olson, K., Mayan, M. (2002, June 1). Verification Strategies for Establishing Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods , 1(2), 13-22. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/160940690200100202 New Mexico Department of Health (2005) the State of Health in New Mexico 2005. Santa Fe, NM: New Mexico Department of Health. Osuchowski-Sanchez, M., Tigges, B., Mendelson, C., Lobo, M., Clark, L. (2012). Teen pregnancy and parenting: a qualitative study into attitudes and behaviours of teenaged long-term Hispanics in New Mexico. Journal of Research in Nursing, 18(3), 218-232. doi:DOI: 10.1177/1744987112455422 Palinkas, L., Green, C., Wisdom, J., Hoagwood, K. (2013, November). Purposeful Sampling for Qualitative Data Collection and Analysis in Mixed Method Implementation Research. Adm Policy Ment Health, 45(5), 1-13. doi:DOI: 10.1007/s10488-013-0528-y Patton M (2002) Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods, 3rd edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Roberts K, Taylor B. (2002). Nursing research process an Australian perspective 2nd Ed. Southbank, Victoria: Thomson; Seamark, C., Lings, P. (2004, November). Positive experiences of teenage motherhood: a qualitative study. British Journal of General Practice, 813-818. Retrieved April 11, 2018 Sedgh, G., Finer, L., Bankole, A., Eilers, M., Singh, S. (2014, September 24). Adolescent Pregnancy, Birth, and Abortion Rates Across Countries:Levels and Recent Trends. Journal of Adolescent Health, 56, 223e230. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.09.007 Stewart, H. (2017, February 1). Exploring the Alchemy of Qualitative Management Research: Seeking Trustworthiness, Credibility and Rigor Through Crystallization. The Qualitative Report, 22(1), 1-21. Retrieved April 13, 2018, from https://nsuworks.nova.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/httpsredir=1article=2604context=tqr Watts, M. C., Liamputtong, P., Mcmichael, C. (2015). Early motherhood: a qualitative study exploring the experiences of African Australian teenage mothers in greater Melbourne, Australia. BMC Public Health, 15(873), 1-11. doi:DOI 10.1186/s12889-015-2215-2 Yin, R. K. (2011). Qualitative research from start to finish. New York, NY: Guildford Press. Yksel, P., Soner, Y. (2015, January). Theoretical Frameworks, Methods, and Procedures for Conducting Phenomenological Studies in Educational Settings. Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry, 6(1), 1-20. Retrieved April 12, 2018, from https://dergipark.gov.tr/download/article-file/199867